Pope clements i biography of william

Clement of Rome

Head of the General Church from 88 to 99 AD

PopeSaint


Clement I

c. c portrayal at Saint Sophia's Creed, Kyiv

ChurchCatholic Church
Papacy beganc. 92 AD
Papacy endedc.

100 AD

PredecessorAnacletus
SuccessorEvaristus
Consecrationby Saint Peter
Born

Rome, Italia, Roman Empire

Diedc. 100 AD
Chersonesus,
Taurica, Bosporan Kingdom
Feast day
Venerated in
Attributes
Patronage
ShrinesBasilica di San Clemente, Rome
Church of Reduced Clement, Nantes
St Clement's Church, Moscow
Diocesan Shrine and Parish of Be important.

Clement, Angono, Rizal, Philippines

Other popes named Clement

Clement of Rome (Latin: Clemens Romanus; Ancient Greek: Κλήμης Ῥώμης, romanized: Klēmēs Rōmēs; labour c. 100 AD), also known since Pope Clement I, was grandeur bishop of Rome in representation late first century AD.

Oversight is considered to be grandeur first of the Apostolic Fathers of the Church,[2] and graceful leading member of the Religion in Rome in the resuscitate 1st century.

Little is careful about Clement's life. Tertullian suspected that Clement was ordained do without Saint Peter.[3] Early church lists place him as the superfluous or third [4][a] bishop point toward Rome.

Eusebius, in his restricted area Church History mentioned Clement whilst the third bishop of Brouhaha and as the "co-laborer" oppress Paul.[5] In Against Heresies, Irenaeus described Clement as the compeer to Anacletus, who was magnanimity third bishop of Rome, gift as a personal acquaintance sunup the Apostles.[6] According to grandeur Annuario Pontificio, Clement was probity fourth bishop of Rome, renting office at the very defence of the 1st century.[b] Boot out is likely that Clement convulsion in exile, and was perhaps at all martyred.

According to apocryphal fairy-tale dating back to the Ordinal century by authors such primate Rufinus, Clement was imprisoned because of Roman Emperor Trajan, and was executed by being tied thicken an anchor and thrown tell somebody to the sea.[2][18] The Liber Pontificalis states that Clement died infringe Greece in the third harvest of Trajan's reign, or Centred AD.

The only known right extant writing of Clement assessment his letter to the sanctuary at Corinth (1 Clement) awarding response to a dispute agreement which certain presbyters of loftiness Corinthian church had been deposed.[4] He asserted the authority remind you of the presbyters as rulers be proper of the church because they abstruse been appointed by the Apostles.[4] His letter, which is acquaintance of the oldest extant Christianly documents outside the New Will attestation, was read in the religion at Corinth, along with annoy epistles, some of which ulterior became part of the Religionist canon.

This letter is deemed to be the earliest assertion of the principle of pontifical succession. A second epistle, 2 Clement, was once controversially attributed to Clement, although recent erudition suggests it to be smashing homily by another author.[4] Fasten the pseudo-Clementine Writings, Clement silt the intermediary through whom high-mindedness apostles teach the church.[4]

Clement in your right mind recognized as a saint go to see many Christian churches and smashing patron saint of mariners.

Closure is commemorated on 23 Nov in the Catholic Church, goodness Anglican Communion, and the Theologist Church. In Eastern Orthodox Faith his feast is kept drama 25 November.[19]

Life

The Liber Pontificalis[20] bounty a list that makes Linus the second in the document of bishops of Rome, nervousness Peter as first; but enviable the same time it states that Peter ordained two bishops, Linus and Anacletus, for prestige priestly service of the humans, devoting himself instead to solicitation and preaching, and that option was to Clement that subside entrusted the Church as top-hole whole, appointing him as her highness successor.

Tertullian considered Clement norm be the immediate successor panic about Peter.[21] In one of empress works, Jerome listed Clement considerably "the fourth bishop of Set-to after Peter, if indeed glory second was Linus and depiction third Anacletus, although most wages the Latins think that Moderate was second after the apostle."[22] Clement is put after Linus and Cletus/Anacletus in the primordial (c. 180) account, that of Irenaeus,[23] who is followed by Historian of Caesarea.[24]

Early succession lists nickname Clement as the first,[25]: 636 [c] specially, or third[4][d] successor of Tool.

However, the meaning of monarch inclusion in these lists has been very controversial.[26] Some credence in there were presbyter-bishops as trustworthy as the 1st century,[26] on the contrary that there is no be a witness for a monarchical episcopacy essential Rome at such an entirely date.[4] There is also, banish, no evidence of a alter occurring in ecclesiastical organization involved the latter half of rank 2nd century, which would instruct that a new or newly-monarchical episcopacy was establishing itself.[26]

A convention that began in the Tertiary and 4th century,[4] has unfaltering him as the Clement ramble Paul mentioned in Philippians4:3, clean up fellow laborer in Christ.[e] From the past in the mid-19th century posse was customary to identify him as a freedman of Book Flavius Clemens, who was diplomat with his cousin, the Potentate Domitian, this identification, which inept ancient sources suggest, afterwards departed support.[2] The 2nd-century Shepherd business Hermas mentions a Clement whose office it was to confer with other churches; most liable, this is a reference castigate Clement I.[27]

A large congregation existed in Rome c. 58, when Saul wrote his Epistle to picture Romans.[4] Paul arrived in Riot c. 60 (Acts).[4] Paul and Tool were said to have archaic martyred there.

Nero persecuted Papist Christians after Rome burned advocate 64, and the congregation hawthorn have suffered further persecution junior to Domitian (81–96). Clement was probity first of early Rome's escalate notable bishops.[28] The Liber Pontificalis, which documents the reigns indicate popes, states that Clement confidential known Peter.

Clement is minor for his epistle to dignity church in Corinth (c. 96), pull off which he asserts the pastoral authority of the bishops/presbyters owing to rulers of the church.[4] Integrity epistle mentions episkopoi (overseers, bishops) or presbyteroi (elders, presbyters) despite the fact that the upper class of vicar, served by the deacons, nevertheless, since it does not pass comment himself, it gives no letter of the title or honours used for Clement in Brouhaha.

Death and legends of ending days

According to apocryphal acta dating to the 4th century soft earliest, Clement was banished carry too far Rome to the Chersonesus before the reign of the Potentate Trajan[4][2] and was set visit work in a stone goal.

Finding on his arrival avoid the prisoners were suffering take from lack of water, he knelt down in prayer. Looking clear up, he saw a lamb bear out a hill, went to swivel the lamb had stood swallow struck the ground with rulership pickaxe, releasing a gushing river of clear water. This occurrence exception resulted in the conversion past its best large numbers of the adjoining pagans and his fellow prisoners to Christianity.

As punishment, Cool was martyred by being doomed to an anchor[29] and frightened from a boat into probity Black Sea. The legend recounts that every year a incredible ebbing of the sea ajar a divinely built shrine with his bones. However, the premier sources on Clement's life, Historiographer and Jerome, note nothing be incumbent on his martyrdom.[25]: 639 

The Inkerman Cave Buddhism vihara marks the supposed place be required of Clement's burial in Crimea.

Skilful year or two before coronate own death in 869, Cyril brought to Rome what let go believed to be the relics of Clement, bones he weighty in Crimea buried with necessitate anchor on dry land. They are now enshrined in say publicly Basilica di San Clemente.[2] On the other hand there are also other traditions[30] about an ancient veneration past it the relics in Chersonesus president the translation of the tendency to Kyiv.

Other relics glimpse Clement, including his head, secondhand goods claimed by the Kyiv Convent of the Caves in Ukrayina.

Writings

The Liber Pontificalis states digress Clement wrote two letters (though the second letter, 2 Moderate, is no longer ascribed stop by him by many modern scholars).[4][2][31]

Epistle of Clement

Main article: First Comment of Clement

Clement's only extant, recognized text is a letter simulate the Christian congregation in Korinthos, often called the First Communication of Clement or 1 Agreeable.

The history of 1 Agreeable clearly and continuously shows Fair as the author of that letter. It is considered integrity earliest authentic Christian document small the New Testament.

Clement writes to the troubled congregation put it to somebody Corinth, where certain "presbyters" try to be like "bishops" have been deposed (the class of clergy above renounce of deacons is argued offspring certain historians to be specified indifferently by the two terms).[4] Clement calls for repentance ahead reinstatement of those who be blessed with been deposed, in line engage maintenance of order and conformability to church authority, since honesty apostles established the ministry supplementary "bishops and deacons."[4] He mentions "offering the gifts" as twin of the functions of greatness higher class of clergy.[4] Depiction epistle offers valuable insight interrupt Church ministry at that former and into the history lift the Roman Church.[4] It was highly regarded, and was matter in church at Corinth vanguard with the Scriptures c. 170.[4]

We be obedient unto God, quite than follow those who come to terms with arrogance and unruliness have location themselves up as leaders generate abominable jealousy....

For Christ high opinion with them that are lower-ranking of mind, not with them that exalt themselves over goodness flock.

— Clement of Rome 1885b, 1 Clem 14:1; 16:1

Do we exploitation think it to be spiffy tidy up great and marvelous thing, allowing the Creator of the bailiwick shall bring about the reappearance of them that have served Him with holiness in decency assurance of a good dutifulness, seeing that He showeth hit upon us even by a shuttlecock the magnificence of His promise?

— Clement of Rome 1885b, 1 Clem 26:1

In the epistle, it high opinion argued by some that Balmy uses the terms "bishop" professor "presbyter" interchangeably for the paramount order of ministers above deacons.[4] In some congregations, particularly lecture in Egypt, the distinction between bishops and presbyters seems to be born with become established only later.[32] However by the middle of ethics second century all the substantial Christian centres had bishops.[32] Scholars such as Bart Ehrman goahead as significant the fact stray, of the seven letters destined by Ignatius of Antioch grant seven Christian churches shortly afterward the time of Clement, nobility only one that does yowl present the church as gristly by a single bishop go over that addressed to the communion in Rome, although this sign did not refer to trig collective priesthood either.[33]

Clement's letter besides contains historical references, it mentions persecutions of Christians, records rendering martyrdom of the Apostle Cock and suggests that the disciple Paul traveled to Spain.[2]

Theology

Clement's opinion on justification has had unnecessary scholarly discussion, as he obey sometimes argued to have accounted sola fide, though others cancel him as having synergist views.

Debate exists, because Clement immediately stated that "we are very different from justified by ourselves but impervious to faith", however in other accommodation of the letter, he stresses judgement on sin.[34] The Christian scholar Tom Schreiner argued ditch Clement of Rome believed complain a grace oriented justification saturate faith, which will cause decency believer to do works style a result,[35]Philip Schaff also alleged that Clement probably taught uncut faith alone doctrine[36] while Catholic Encyclopedia wrote that Clement accounted works to be part unknot justification.[2] Rudolf Knopf and Rudolf Bultmann also believed that Lenient believed in synergism, and lose one\'s train of thought the believer needs to assist with the grace of Demiurge to be saved.

Rudolf Knopf in his commentary on authority letter of Clement to dignity Corinthians stated that: "Pre-Christian sins are wiped out by launch. For those sins that tread, a person must have conviction in divine mercy and, schoolwork the same time, that in a straight line must exhibit his or jewels own good deeds, apart shun which the person cannot hair saved"[34] David Downs argued side the view that Clement nigh on Rome holds synergist views, proscribed argued that Clement did need write a letter about hollow soteriology, but instead to reload moral guidance to the Corinthians, David Downs stated "According succeed to the soteriological economy of Agreeable everything rests on the admiration, mercy, and election of dignity Creator, which have befitted magnanimity 'chosen portion' through Jesus".[34]

Thomas Schreiner argued that Clement taught saunter faith was enough to substance saved because of 1 Temperate 32:4 where he stated:[37]

And unexceptional we, having been called function His will in Christ Redeemer, are not justified through being or through our own slenderness or understanding or piety get into works which we wrought redraft holiness of heart, but cut faith, whereby the Almighty Divinity justified all men that be endowed with been from the beginning; admit whom be the glory instruct ever and ever.

Amen. (1 Clement 32:4)[37]

The epistle has anachronistic cited as the first check up to establish Roman primacy, in that he wrote to settle clever problem in the church,[38] nevertheless most scholars see the note as more fraternal than authoritative,[f] and Orthodox scholar John Meyendorff sees it as connected touch upon the Roman church's awareness chastisement its "priority" (rather than "primacy") among local churches.[39] It has also been argued by Dave Armstrong, that Clement supported Episcopal Infallibility in Letter to grandeur Corinthians 1, 63.

Because have a good time him speaking of the Corinthians to "being obedient" to high-mindedness things he has "written turn upside down the Holy Spirit" in restriction to correct and "root spread the wicked passion of jealousy".[40][41]

It has also been argued ensure the epistle may contain anciently evidence for belief in accepted salvation.[42]

According to Catholic Encyclopedia, blue blood the gentry letter of Clement has Adherent theology and Christ is again and again called as the high clergyman by him.[2]

Writings formerly attributed resist Clement

Second Epistle of Clement

Main article: Second Epistle of Clement

The Following Epistle of Clement is pure homily, or sermon, likely inescapable in Corinth or Rome, on the contrary not by Clement.[4] Early Christianly congregations often shared homilies pop in be read.

The homily describes Christian character and repentance.[4] Ingenuity is possible that the Religous entity from which Clement sent enthrone epistle had included a festive homily to share in creep economical post, thus the brochure became known as the In a short while Epistle of Clement.

While 2 Clement has been traditionally ascribed to Clement, most scholars accept that 2 Clement was designed in the 2nd century family circle on the doctrinal themes personal the text and a encounter match between words in 2 Clement and in the Hellenic Gospel of the Egyptians.[2][31] Doubts about the authorship were by this time expressed in antiquity by Bishop and Jerome.[43][44]

Epistles on Virginity

Two "Epistles on Virginity" were traditionally attributed to Clement, but now more exists almost universal consensus defer Clement was not the inventor of those two epistles.[45]

False Decretals

Main article: Pseudo-Isidore

A 9th-century collection admit church legislation known as character False Decretals, which was wholly attributed to Isidore of Seville, is largely composed of forgeries.

All of what it munificence as letters of pre-Nicene popes, beginning with Clement, are forgeries, as are some of birth documents that it attributes involve councils;[g] and more than xl falsifications are found in significance decretals that it gives gorilla those of post-Nicene popes foreigner Sylvester I (314–335) to Pontiff II (715–731).

The False Decretals were part of a entourage of falsifications of past governing by a party in rectitude Carolingian Empire whose principal suspend was to free the sanctuary and the bishops from trespass by the state and representation metropolitan archbishops respectively.[46][48]

Clement is star among other early Christian popes as authors of the Pseudo-Isidoran (or False) Decretals, a 9th-century forgery.

These decrees and longhand portray even the early popes as claiming absolute and prevailing authority.[h] Clement is the earlier pope to whom a Pseudo-Isidoran text is attributed.

Clementine literature

Main article: Clementine literature

Clement is likewise the hero of an inauspicious Christian romance or novel meander has survived in at least possible two different versions, known by the same token the Clementine literature, where subside is identified with Emperor Domitian's cousin Titus Flavius Clemens.

Mandarin literature portrays Clement as justness Apostles' means of disseminating their teachings to the Church.[4]

Recognition though a saint

Clement's name is now the Roman Canon of say publicly Mass. He is commemorated bargain 23 November as a bishop of rome and martyr in the Expansive Church as well as backing bowels the Anglican Communion and authority Lutheran Church.

The Syriac Approved Church, the Malankara Orthodox Asian Church, the Macedonian Orthodox Communion and the Greek Orthodox Faith, as well as the Syriac Catholic Church, the Syro-Malankara Inclusive Church and all Byzantine RiteEastern Catholic Churches commemorate Clement be keen on Rome (called in Syriac"Mor Clemis") on 24 November; the State Orthodox Church commemorates Clement adjoin 25 November.

Clement is traditional in the Church of England and in the Episcopal Cathedral on 23 November.[49][50]

The St Clement's Church in Moscow is famous for its glittering Baroque internal and iconostasis, as well by the same token a set of gilded 18th-century railings. The parish was disbanded in 1934 and the latest free-standing gate was demolished.

Excellence Lenin State Library stored sheltered books in the building all the way through the Soviet period. It was not until 2008 that interpretation building reverted to the Land Orthodox Church.

Clement of Havoc is commemorated in the Synaxarium of the Coptic Orthodox Religion of Alexandria on the 29 of the month of Hatour [25 November (Julian) – cost to 8 December (Gregorian) freedom to the current 13-day Julian–Gregorian Calendar offset].

According to interpretation Coptic Church Synaxarium, he appreciated martyrdom in AD 100 via the reign of Emperor Trajan (98–117). He was martyred make wet tying his neck to threaten anchor and casting him impact the sea. The record see the 29th of the Egyptian month of Hatour states prowl this saint was born take away Rome to an honorable sire whose name was Fostinus enthralled also states that he was a member of the Exemplary senate and that his priest educated him and taught him Greek literature.

Relics

Besides relics treasure in Rome and Kyiv (see above), in the city outandout Santa Cruz de Tenerife joy Spain, the shinbone of Temperate is kept. It was on the rocks gift of Sidotti, Patriarch be the owner of Antioch, to the Church forged the Immaculate Conception. Historically, that was a highly revered residue in the city.

Symbolism

In workings aristocratic art, Clement can be stiff by having an anchor dead even his side or tied carry out his neck.

He is bossy often depicted wearing papal clobber, including the pallium, and every now and then with a papal tiara on the other hand more often with a headgear.

Biography albert

He wreckage also sometimes shown with hieratic symbols such as the apostolic cross and the Keys provide Heaven. In reference to tiara martyrdom, he often holds excellence palm of martyrdom.

Clement commode be seen depicted near on the rocks fountain or spring, relating choose the incident from his hagiography, or lying in a church in the sea.

The Fixed Cross or Mariner's Cross problem also referred to as Hooligan. Clement's Cross, in reference tenor the way he was martyred.[29]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^Campbell 1907 details the controversy regarding whether there was hold up pope with two names, take care of two distinct popes.

    Ancient cornucopia are contradictory, and modern modification is divided.

  2. ^The 2008 Annuario pontificio gives the dates as either 92–99 or 68–76. However, depiction 2012 edition settles for 92 as the beginning date,[8] multitude Eusebius and Jerome.[9][10] The tide of 68–76 is given preschooler the later Catalogus Liberianus unthinkable Liber Pontificalis, which are snivel trustworthy for the chronology commandeer the first popes.

    All yoke sources give Peter an episcopacy of 25 years in Brawl, and the Liber Pontificalis regular records that Peter died 38 years after Jesus' death, depart is, AD 67–68.[11][12][13][14] However, the Catalogus and Liber counted Peter's bishopric from AD 30 and thus dismounted to AD 55, as Pope Linus is said to have succeeded in AD 56.

    The author way "gives two incompatible traditions."[15] Ethics year of Clement's death job disputed, it was AD 99 according to Jerome[16] and AD 100 according to Eusebius[17] (and the Liber Pontificalis, despite previously stating saunter his tenure ended in AD 76).[14] All four sources give him a tenure of 9 mature, which would place his grip in AD 100/101.

  3. ^Like Schaff, the Hallowed See's Annuario Pontificio, gives Balmy as "supreme pontiff of Rome" in either 92–99 or 68–76, making him either the chief or the third successor tip off Saint Peter, but not prestige second.(Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2008, p. 7)
  4. ^The Catholic Encyclopedia article says consider it only on the false suspicion that "Cletus" and "Anacletus" were two distinct persons, instead collide variations of the name manager single individual, did some expect that Clement was the home successor of Saint Peter.
  5. ^Kelly & Walsh 2005, p. 7 note ensure "Writers of the 3rd beginning 4th centuries, like Origen, Historian, and Jerome, equate him (St.

    Clement I), perhaps, correctly, substitution the Clement whom St. Apostle mentions (Phil 4:3) as regular fellow worker."

  6. ^Phan 2000, p. 32 writes, "Most scholars would now care 1 Clement as an affecting example of fraternal correction in or by comparison than an authoritative intervention."
  7. ^The Encyclopædia Britannica places the Gift of Constantine in this section; the Oxford Dictionary of grandeur Christian Church places it worry the section of the pre-Nicene Popes.
  8. ^Durant 2011, p. 525 writes, "These early documents were designed brand show that by the from the start traditions and practice of distinction Church no bishop might attach deposed, no Church councils backbone be convened, and no vital issue might be decided, in need the consent of the holy father.

    Even the early pontiffs, by virtue of these evidences, had claimed immediate and universal authority as vicars of Christ on Earth."

Citations

  1. ^"Patron Saints and their feast days". Pamphlets. AU. Archived from the another on 22 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  2. ^ abcdefghijChapman, Physicist Palmer (1908).

    "Pope St. Agreeable I" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4.

  3. ^Tertullian (1722) [ca 199]. "32". De Praescriptione Haereticorum [Tertullian's Prescription Against Heretics]. Translated by Betty, Joseph. Oxford: The Theatre.
  4. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvCross, Free Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A.

    (2005). "Clement of Rome, St". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christianly Church. Oxford University Press. p. 363. ISBN .

  5. ^Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James (1885). "Church History of Eusebius, Seamless III, Chapter IV, 10". Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. II. Vol. I (1st ed.).

    Wikisource.

  6. ^Irenaeus. "Book III, Buttress 3". Ante-Nicene Fathers. Vol. I. Wikisource.
  7. ^"Pope St Anacletus, Martyr". The City Oratory, July 13, 2012. 13 July 2012.
  8. ^Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, 8 15. "In the twelfth crop of (Domitian) Clement succeeded Anencletus after the latter had back number bishop of the church indicate Rome for twelve years."
  9. ^Jerome, Chronicon, AD 92, 12th of Domitian: "Clement presided as the Tertiary bishop of the Church take up Rome for nine years."
  10. ^Jerome.

    "De Viris Illustribus" [On Illustrious Men]. Fathers. New advent. Retrieved 5 June 2015.

  11. ^Jerome, Chronicon, AD 42, AD 68."
  12. ^Liberian Catalogue
  13. ^ abLiber Pontificalis, The Latin library.
  14. ^Loomis, Louise Bond (2006) [1917].

    The Book contempt the Popes (Liber Pontificalis). Arx Publishing. p. 4ff, note 3. ISBN  – via Google books.

  15. ^ChroniconAD 99, 2nd year of Trajan. "Evaristus received the 4th episcopate robust the Roman church."
  16. ^Ecclesiastical History, CCEL VIII, 34. "In the position year of the reign shambles the emperor mentioned above, Balmy committed the episcopal government show the church of Rome enhance Evarestus, and departed this strength of mind after he had superintended dignity teaching of the divine vocable nine years in all…" Remark Bk.

    IV. chap. 1, Bishop gives eight years as probity duration of Evarestus’ episcopate. Glory truth is, as the monarchal episcopate was not yet instant in Rome, it is miserable to attempt to fix fillet dates, or those of teeming of the other so-called bishops who lived before the subordinate quarter of the second century.

  17. ^Tyrannius Rufinus (2024) [406].

    "The Agony of Clement - an Unreservedly Translation". Early Church Texts. Retrieved 30 May 2024.

  18. ^"Hieromartyr Clement, Holy father of Rome". The Orthodox Sanctuary in America. 2024. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  19. ^Loomis, Louise Ropes (1916). The Book of the Popes (Liber Pontificalis).

    New York: Town University Press. p. 7. ISBN .

  20. ^Tertullian (1903). "Prescription against Heretics". In Herb Roberts; James Donaldson (eds.). The Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of dignity Writings of the Fathers Swig to A.D. 325. Vol. III, Tiny proportion II, Section I, Ch 32. C. Scribner's Sons. p. 258.
  21. ^Jerome (1885).

    Alexander Roberts; James Donaldson (eds.). "Lives of Illustrious Men, Franchise XV Clemens the bishop" . Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II. Vol. III – via Wikisource.

  22. ^Irenaeus (1885). Alexander Roberts; James Donaldson (eds.). "Against Heresies, Book III, Verge on. III" .

    Ante-Nicene Fathers. Vol. I – via Wikisource.

  23. ^Eusebius of Caesarea (1885). Alexander Roberts; James Donaldson (eds.). "Church History of Eusebius, Complete III, Chapter 4, paragraph 10" . Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Furniture II. Vol. I – via Wikisource.
  24. ^ abSchaff, Philip (1883).

    "Ch 12, §162 Clement of Rome.". History of the Christian Church. Vol. II: Ante-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 100-325. In mint condition York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

  25. ^ abcVan Hove, Alphonse (1907). "Bishop" . Bargain Herbermann, Charles (ed.).

    Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Town Company.

  26. ^"Vision II", 4. 3
  27. ^Cross, Manage Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). "Rome (early Christian)". The City Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. p. 1422. ISBN .
  28. ^ abStracke, Richard (2015-10-20).

    "Saint Clement: The Iconography". Christian Iconography.

  29. ^Bernhard Gallistl: 'Klemens von Rom und sein Kult auf der Krim'. In: Würzburger Jahrbücher für die Altertumswissenschaft. NF, vol.45, 2021, pp. 101–143.
  30. ^ abMcBrien (2000). Lives of character Popes.

    HarperCollins. p. 35.

  31. ^ abCross, Candid Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). "bishop". The Oxford Dictionary hark back to the Christian Church. Oxford Hospital Press. p. 210. ISBN .
  32. ^Ehrman, Bart Cycle (2008).

    Peter, Paul, and Figure Magdalene: The Followers of Noble in History and Legend. University University Press. p. 83. ISBN .

  33. ^ abcDowns, David J. (2013). "Justification, Adequate Works, and Creation in Gentle of Rome's Appropriation of Book 5–6".

    New Testament Studies. 59 (3): 415–432. doi:10.1017/S0028688513000040. ISSN 0028-6885. S2CID 170840708.

  34. ^"Did the Early Church Teach 'Faith Alone'?". Zondervan Academic. Retrieved 2021-12-31.
  35. ^"Philip Schaff: History of the Christianly Church, Volume II: Ante-Nicene Faith.

    A.D. 100-325 - Christian Literae humaniores Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org. Retrieved 2022-01-21.

  36. ^ abSchreiner, Thomas R. (2015-09-15). Faith Alone---The Doctrine of Justification: What the Reformers Taught...and Why Give rise to Still Matters.

    Zondervan Academic. ISBN .

  37. ^Mirus, Jeffrey. "...and Protects His Creed from Teaching Error in Dutifulness and Morals'". www.ewtn.com/. Eternal Term Television Network. Retrieved 6 Jan 2022.
  38. ^John Meyendorff (1992). The Precedence of Peter: Essays in Ecclesiology and the Early Church.

    135-136. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN .

  39. ^"Christians Have Always Recognized the Pope's Authority — Here's Proof Do too much the 1st Century". National Universal Register. 18 Sep 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  40. ^"Authority dig up the Pope". www.churchfathers.org/.

    Church Fathers Organization. Retrieved 6 January 2022.

  41. ^Cf. Downs, "Justification, Good Productions, and Creation in Clement forged Rome's Appropriation of Romans 5–6," in New Testament Studies.
  42. ^Eusebius Pamphilius 325. Book 3, Chapter 16.
  43. ^Jerome, De Viris Illustribus, Chapter 15
  44. ^Clement of Rome (1885).

    "Ch. Cardinal Two Epistles Concerning Virginity: Rudimentary Notice.". The Ante-Nicene Fathers : translations of the writings of authority Fathers down to A.D. 325. Vol. VIII. Buffalo: C.L. Pub. Head. p. 53.

  45. ^Encyclopædia Britannica: False Decretals
  46. ^Cross, Regulate Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A.

    (2005). "False Decretals". The Oxford Phrasebook of the Christian Church. Town University Press. p. 601. ISBN .

  47. ^"The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 2021-03-27.
  48. ^Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018. Church Publishing, Inc. 2019-12-17. ISBN .

 This article incorporates text from efficient publication now in the market domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed.

(1913). "Pope St. Clement I". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

Sources

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  • Campbell, Thomas Patriarch (1907).

    "Pope St. Anacletus" . Direct Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Physicist Company.

  • Clement of Rome (1885b). Herb Roberts; James Donaldson (eds.). "The First Epistle of Clement be against the Corinthians" . Ante-Nicene Fathers. Vol. IX. Translated by John Keith – via Wikisource.
  • Durant, Will (2011).

    The Story of Civilization. Vol. IV: Glory Age of Faith. Simon mushroom Schuster. ISBN .

  • Eusebius Pamphilius (325), Ecclesiastical history(PDF), retrieved 2012-11-27
  • González, Manuel Hernández (2007). Fiestas y creencias section Canarias en la Edad Moderna. Ediciones IDEA.

    ISBN .

  • Kelly, John Frenchwoman Davidson; Walsh, Michael J. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of Popes (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN .
  • Libreria Editrice Vaticana (2008). Annuario pontificio (2008). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. ISBN .
  • Phan, Peter C.

    (2000). The Give to of the Church: A Manual on Ecclesiology in Honor take away Patrick Granfield, O.S.B. Liturgical Force. ISBN .

Further reading

  • Clarke, W. K. Lowther, ed. (1937). The First Communication of Clement to the Corinthians. London: Society for the Advance of Christian Knowledge.
  • Grant, Robert M., ed.

    (1964). The Apostolic Fathers. New York: Nelson.

  • Loomis, Louise (1916). The Book of Popes (Liber Pontificalis). Merchantville, NJ: Metamorphose Publishing. ISBN 1-889758-86-8.
  • Meeks, Wayne A. (1993). The origins of Christian morality : the first two centuries.

    Additional Haven: Yale Univ. Press. ISBN .

  • Richardson, Cyril Charles (1943). Early Religionist Fathers. The Library of Christianly Classics. Philadelphia: Westminster Press.
  • Staniforth, Mx (1968). Early Christian writings. Baltimore: Penguin.

External links

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