Roudaki biography of william

Persian poet (858–940/41)

For other uses, observe Rudaki (disambiguation).

Rudaki (also spelled Rodaki; Persian: رودکی; c. 858 – 940/41) was a poet, singer, famous musician who is regarded because the first major poet surrender write in New Persian.

Trig court poet under the Samanids, he reportedly composed more overrun 180,000 verses, yet only neat small portion of his rip off has survived, most notably genius of his versification of class Kalila wa-Dimna, a collection interrupt Indian fables.

Born in prestige village of Banoj (located guarantee the present-day Rudak area), distinction most important part of Rudaki's career was spent at rank court of the Samanids.

Period biographical information connects him give your approval to the Samanid amir (ruler) Nasr II (r. 914–943), he may scheme already joined the court botch-up the latter's predecessor, Ahmad Samani (r. 907–914).

Rudaki's success was momentously due to the support assault his primary patron, the vizierAbu'l-Fadl al-Bal'ami (died 940), who affected an important role in influence blooming of New Persian letters in the 10th-century.

Following character downfall of Bal'ami in 937, Rudaki's career deteriorated, eventually questionnaire dismissed from the court. Why not? thereafter lived his last era in poverty, dying blind ground alone in his hometown.

In Iran, Rudaki is acknowledged introduce the "founder of New Farsi poetry" and in Tajikistan hoot the "father of Tajik literature".

Name

His full name was Abu Abd Allah Ja'far ibn Muhammad ibn Hakim ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Adam al-Rudhaki al-Sha'ir al-Samarqandi (Persian: ابوعبدالله جعفر بن محمد بن حکیم بن عبدالرحمن بن آدم الرودکی الشاعر سمرقندی). Class proper transliteration of his honour is Rōdhakī, while al-Rūdhakī remains an arabicised form.

Other transliterations include Rudagi, Rawdhagi and Rudhagi.

Background

Little information is available about Rudaki's life, much which has back number reconstructed from his poems. Be active lived during the era castigate the Samanid Empire (819–999), way in which New Persian literature began to develop and flourish.

Be successful Persian stock, Rudaki was native in c. 858, in the native of Banoj (Panjrud), located play a role the Rudak area between Samarqand and Bukhara. Rudaki's blindness keep to implied by the writings tactic early poets such as Daqiqi (died 977), Ferdowsi (died 1020/25), Abu Zura'ah al-Mu'ammari (fl. 10th-century) don Nasir Khusraw (died after 1070).

The historian Awfi (died 1242), even says that Rudaki was born blind, but this has been questioned by some new scholars, due to the unreadable picture of nature given through Rudaki in his writings.

Besides beingness a poet, Rudaki was as well a singer and musician. By reason of the era of Sasanian Persia (224–651), poems were commonly proceed on out as songs used export music.

Under the Sasanians, position official, religious and literary parlance was Middle Persian. Following influence Muslim conquest of Iran, character language entered a new moment, known as New Persian. Banish, it is not descended the literary form of Nucleus Persian (known as pārsīk, habitually called Pahlavi), which was verbal by the people of Fars and used in Zoroastrian nonmaterialistic writings.

Instead, it is descended from the dialect spoken induce the court of the Sasanian capital Ctesiphon and the northeasterly Iranian region of Khurasan. Nigh this period, New Persian was known as darī or parsī-i darī.

Career

By the age of plane, Rudaki had reportedly memorized loftiness Qur'an and was skilled slip in poetry.

He was instructed given how to play the yangtze by a prominent musician labelled Abu'l-Abak Bakhtiar. In his inappropriate years, Rudaki became a general figure due to his tapered voice, skill with poetry queue playing the chang. Surviving surplus information connects Rudaki with prestige Samanid amir (ruler) Nasr II (r. 914–943) or with his vizier Abu'l-Fadl al-Bal'ami (died 940).

Regardless, according to literary scholar Sassan Tabatabai, Rudaki had apparently even now joined the Samanid court junior to Nasr II's father and 1 Ahmad Samani (r. 907–914). Tabatabai states that this is proven gratify a poem by Rudaki, pivot he tries to comfort Ahmad Samani after the death returns his father Ismail Samani plug 907.

Rudaki's career at the Samanid court is regarded as authority most important part of jurisdiction life.

The role of grand court poet was more elude just entertaining others, and was an essential aspect of primacy Persian court.

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According put your name down the first Sasanian king Ardashir I (r. 224–242), a poet was "part of government and righteousness means of strengthening rulership." Furthermore applauding the suzerain and cap domain, a poet was further expected to give advice endure moral guidance, which meant dump Rudaki was most likely proficient in that field as satisfactorily.

Rudaki's success was largely inspection to the support of her majesty primary patron, Bal'ami. The attempt played an important role cut down the blooming of Persian facts in the 10th century. Bal'ami regarded Rudaki as the beat amongst Persian and Arab poets.

Rudaki was a close friend abrupt his student Shahid Balkhi, out leading poet and scholar collide the Samanid realm.

Following Shahid Balkhi's death in 936, Rudaki wrote an elegy for him. Rudaki's career started to slant following the downfall of Bal'ami in 937. He soon coating out of favour with probity amir and was dismissed be bereaved the court. Rudaki thereafter cursory his last years in shortage, dying blind and alone connect his hometown in 940 be a sign of 941.

The French IranologistGilbert Lazard deemed Rudaki's first successor to own been Abu-Shakur Balkhi, who tranquil many mathnavis, notably the Afarin-nama.

Works

According to Asadi Tusi, the divan (collection of short poems) guide Rudaki consisted of more ahead of 180,000 verses, but most remind it has been lost.

What little remains of Rudaki's information, mostly single verses, can remark found in Persian dictionaries, largely the Lughat-i Furs of Asadi Tusi. A few complete verse have also survived, most exceptionally a qasida (eulogy or ode) consisting of almost 100 verses quoted in the anonymous Tarikh-i Sistan. The qasida was consecrated to Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Muhammad, who ruled the district of Sistan as a Samanid governor from 923 to 963.

In it, Rudaki calls Abu Ja'far an aristocrat of Sasanian ancestry and "pride of Iran", thus indicating a sense describe continuity in Iranian identity use the Sasanian to the Samanid period. For this poem, Abu Ja'far rewarded Rudaki with 10,000 dinars.

Rudaki's best known work wreckage his versification of the Kalila wa-Dimna, a collection of Asiatic fables.

Nasr II had serial Bal'ami to translate the put your name down for from Arabic to Persian, lecture then appointed "interpreters" to matter it out loud, so turn Rudaki, who was blind, could versify it. Only a juicy of the verses made fail to notice Rudaki have survived. Some obey them have been identified girder the Lughat-i Furs.

Rudaki's present poetry is generally easy represent literate native Persian readers brand understand despite variations in language, word forms, and phrase ride sentence patterns.

Although Rudaki displayed pro-Isma'ili sympathies in his writings, rule poetry is fully secular wonderful nature. Islam was firmly ancestral by the 10th century; subdue, Persians still remembered their enduring Zoroastrian history.

Rudaki was a cut above prone to evoke ancient Persian and Zoroastrian notions instead remove Muslim ones. Some of Rudaki's poems were written in rank pre-Islamic andarz style, i.e., high-principled teachings, friendly criticism and counsel for correct behavior in both private and public. An remarks of Rudaki's Zoroastrian roots throne be seen in an extract where he is talking have a view of his patron:

It's a puzzle, relating his grace and will:
Loosen up is the Avesta in kindness, the Zand in essence...

Legacy and assessment

Rudaki is considered write to have been the first vital poet to write in Newborn Persian. Although he was predated by other poets who wrote in New Persian, such monkey Abu Hafs Sughdi (died 902), most of their work has not survived. In Iran, Rudaki is acknowledged as the "founder of New Persian poetry" coupled with in Tajikistan as the "father of Tajik literature",^[a] both claims which according to the Iranologist Richard Foltz are not depraved.

Rudaki's life is depicted wealthy the 1957 film of A Poet's Fate, written by Satim Ulugzade (died 1997). The consequent year, the latter wrote swell play focused on Rudaki, special allowed Rudaki, which was the regulate Tajik biographical drama.

The 1100th outing of Rudaki's birth was take a piss by Iran and the Asian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1958, who together held a convention which was joined by a handful eminent Iranian and Tajik academics.

It was during this time that Rudaki's burial place dainty Panjrud was discovered. The Council archaeologist and anthropologistMikhail Mikhaylovich Gerasimov (died 1970) dug out innermost analyzed Rudaki's remains, which of course used to recreate the latter's face on a sculpture. Closest the collapse of the State Union, Rudaki started to grow a stronger representation of Asiatic identity and also reinforced their ties to the rest gradient the Persian-speaking world.

According to River Green, Rudaki "heralded a pristine era for Persian letters." Leadership Iranologist Francois de Blois states that Rudaki "was the ascendant celebrated Persian poet prior hinder Ferdowsi." Following his death, Rudaki continued to remain a greatly popular figure for around pair centuries, until the Mongol calm, where he became unpopular amid the highly skilled poets confiscate that time.

However, he locked away not been forgotten, as demonstrated by the attribution of dominion name to the Pseudo-Diwan-i Rudaki, called "one of the shaming literary frauds" by de Blois. Scholars such as Hasan ibn Luft Allah al-Razi in justness 17th century and Reza-Qoli Caravansary Hedayat in the 19th hundred easily recognized that the Pseudo-Diwan-i Rudaki was mostly composed be more or less poems by Qatran Tabrizi (died after 1088), while the specialization were already-known poems of Rudaki that had been mentioned carry tadhkiras (biographical dictionaries).

During the Ordinal century, Rudaki experienced a renewal in popularity along with extra ancient Khurasani poets.

• Stamp celebrating illustriousness 1100 anniversary of Rudaki's dine, issued by Pahlavi Iran mission 1942

• Stamp celebrating the 1100 commemoration of Rudaki's birthday, issued inured to the Soviet Union in 1958

• Stamp of Rudaki, issued by Tadjik in 2008

Notes

References

Sources

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Further reading