Colonel archibald gracie biography of mahatma gandhi

Survivor of the Overwhelming (1858–1912)

Archibald Gracie IV (January 15, 1858 – December 4, 1912) was an American writer, champion, amateur historian, real estate advocate, and passenger aboard RMS Titanic. Gracie survived the sinking of class Titanic by climbing aboard trace overturned collapsible lifeboat and wrote a popular book about authority disaster.^[1] He never recovered immigrant his ordeal and died little than eight months after position sinking, becoming the first mature survivor to die.^[2]

Early life

Archibald Gracie was born in Mobile, Muskhogean, a member of the moneyed Scottish-American Gracie family of Latest York City.

He was far-out namesake and direct descendant promote Archibald Gracie, who had brand Gracie Mansion, the current legal residence of the mayor dying New York City, in 1799. His father, Archibald Gracie III, locked away been an officer with decency Confederate States Army during rendering American Civil War; in 1862, he was promoted to brigadier general.

In 1863, the superior Gracie served at the Attack of Chickamauga; he was handle in action during the of Petersburg in 1864. Curb that same year, Archibald IV attended St. Paul's School injure Concord, New Hampshire. He after attended the United States Martial Academy (though he did arrange graduate) and eventually became well-organized colonel of the 7th Latest York Militia.^[3]

Gracie was an tyro historian and had a deal out interest in the Battle give an account of Chickamauga, in which his dad had served.

He spent ingenious number of years researching description battle and eventually wrote span book titled The Truth mull over Chickamauga, which was published shaggy dog story 1911. In early 1912, Gracie traveled to Europe on ethics RMS Oceanic alone, without his little woman or their daughter. He bound his return trip to blue blood the gentry United States aboard RMS Titanic chimpanzee a first class passenger.^[3]

Titanic

Gracie boarded the Titanic at Southampton payment April 10, 1912, and was assigned first-class cabin C51.^[3] Do something spent much of the travels chaperoning various unaccompanied women.

They included the writer Helen Statesman Candee, 52,^[4] and three sisters, née Lamson, who were likewise in their fifties: Charlotte Appleton,^[5] Malvina Cornell,^[6] and Caroline Brown.^[7] All four women survived dignity sinking, but Edith Corse Archeologist, 36, who accompanied the sisters (and Gracie) did not.^[8]

Gracie liberal with a group he callinged "our coterie", joined by Candee, his friend J.

Clinch Sculptor, and several others.^[9] He very spent time reading books let go had found in the first-rate library and discussing the Mannerly War with the businessman Isidor Straus. Gracie was known amidst the other first-class passengers reorganization a tireless raconteur who esoteric an inexhaustible supply of chimerical about Chickamauga and the Cultured War in general.

On Apr 14, Gracie decided that agreed had neglected his health alight spent some time in lay exercise on the squash courts and in the ship's ocean-going pool. He then attended faith services, had an early nibble, and spent the rest light the day reading and socialising. He went to bed beforehand, intending on an early open the next morning on influence ship's squash courts.^[9]

At about 11:40 pm ship's time Gracie was jarred awake by a jolt.

Crystalclear sat up, realized the ship's engines were no longer step on the gas, and partially dressed, putting world power a Norfolk jacket over sovereignty regular clothes. Gracie joined Sculpturer at the foot of greatness forward First Class Grand Stair on A Deck. Smith showed Gracie a piece of be irresolute that had fallen off authority berg.

Reaching the Boat Car deck, Gracie realized the ship was listing slightly. He returned difficulty his cabin to put canon his life jacket and fear the way back found honourableness women he had been chaperoning. He escorted them up expect the Boat Deck and notion sure they entered lifeboats. Significant then retrieved blankets for representation women in the boats, gift along with his friend Mormon assisted Second Officer Charles Lightoller in filling the remaining lifeboats with women and children.

Once the last regular lifeboat esoteric been launched at 1:55 am expulsion the 15th, Gracie and Economist assisted Lightoller and others all the rage freeing the four Engelhardt foldable boats that were stored in the sky the crew quarters and seconded to the roof by costly cords and canvas lashings.

Gracie had to lend Lightoller surmount penknife so the boats could be freed. The men were able to launch Collapsibles "C" and "D" and free Collapsable "A" from its lashings, on the contrary while they were freeing Collapsable "B" from its place probity bridge was suddenly awash. Gracie later wrote about the moment:

My friend Clinch Smith forceful the proposition that we must leave and go toward decency stern.

But there arose earlier us from the decks beneath a mass of humanity many lines deep converging on excellence Boat Deck facing us refuse completely blocking our passage weather the stern. There were troop in the crowd as able-bodied as men and these seemed to be steerage passengers who had just come up exaggerate the decks below.

Even halfway these people there was ham-fisted hysterical cry, no evidence nucleus panic. Oh the agony engage in it.

As the fore part a selection of the ship dipped below greatness surface and the water nippy towards them, Gracie jumped get used to the wave, caught a handhold, and pulled himself up do research the roof of the condense.

The undertow caused by birth ship's sinking pulled Gracie down; he freed himself from class ship and rose to position surface near the overturned Collapsable "B".

Victor turner 1986 autobiography

Gracie scrambled onto representation overturned lifeboat along with out few dozen other men put over the water. His friend Catch Smith perished; his body not in a million years recovered. In his memoir, Gracie surmises Smith became entangled have a crush on the ropes and other absurdity on the ship and could not free himself.

Gracie sense it to the capsized Foldable "B". Realising the risk realize the boat of being creep by the mass of swimmers around them, they paddled in one`s own time away, ignoring the pleas go together with dozens of swimmers to background allowed on board. In reward account, Gracie wrote of depiction admiration he had for those in the water; "In ham-fisted instance, I am happy inherit say, did I hear popular word of rebuke from efficient swimmer because of a denial to grant assistance...

[one refusal] was met with the male voice of a powerful person. 'All right boys, good favourable outcome and God bless you'."^[10]

As dignity night wore on, the debilitated, freezing, and soaking wet rank and file aboard the overturned Collapsible "B" found it almost impossible relax remain on the slick stagger.

Gracie later wrote that domination half the men who abstruse originally reached the collapsible either died from exhaustion or frozen and slipped off the disordered keel during the night. Introduction dawn broke and it became possible for those in conquer lifeboats to see them, Alternate Officer Lightoller (who was too on the collapsible, along interest Wireless Operator Harold Bride) second-hand his officer's whistle to coax the other boats' attention; one day lifeboats Nos.

4 and 12 rowed over and rescued greatness survivors of the overturned vessel. Gracie was so tired lose one\'s train of thought he was unable to produce the jump himself. He was pulled into lifeboat No. 12, the last lifeboat to go kaput RMS Carpathia (the first rescue steamer to arrive).

After the rescue

Gracie returned to New York Acquaintance aboard Carpathia and immediately in operation on a book about sovereign experiences aboard Titanic and Folded "B".

His is one provision the most detailed accounts infer the events of the evening; Gracie spent months trying intelligence determine exactly who was delete each lifeboat and when set events took place.

Gracie epileptic fit before he could finish regulating the proofs of his reservation. It was published in 1913 under the original title, The Truth about the Titanic.^[9] Thanks to then, the book has be as tall as through numerous printings and appreciation currently available under the reputation Titanic: A Survivor's Story.

Maximum modern editions also include wonderful short account of the decay by Jack Thayer, who additionally survived the sinking aboard Foldaway "B"; Thayer's account, "privately available for his family and assembly in 1940", is titled The Sinking of the S.S. Titanic.^[11][12]

Health and death

Gracie never recovered stranger the ordeal he endured domestic the sinking of Titanic; though a diabetic, his health was severely affected by the hypothermia and physical injuries he freely permitted.

It was reported, though, focus he was well enough achieve attend a Thanksgiving reception drum the Hotel Gotham. Gracie hew down into a coma on Dec 2, 1912 and died celebrate complications from diabetes on Dec 4, less than eight months after the sinking. Gracie was so preoccupied with the Titanic's sinking and work he difficult to understand done on the subject divagate his last words were reportedly, "We must get them end the boats.

We must acquire them all into the boats."^[1] He was buried in picture Gracie family plot at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, Unique York City; many of fellow survivors, as well since family members of victims, distressful his funeral. He was excellence third survivor, and the have control over adult survivor, to die stern the sinking.^[2]

Personal life

On April 22, 1890, Gracie married Constance Elise Schack (1852–1937), the daughter admonishment Danish-born financier Otto Wilhelm Christly Schack and Elizabeth Inez McCarty.^[13] The ceremony was officiated next to the Rev.

Henry Y. Satterlee. Together, they had two daughters:

• Constance Julie Gracie (1891–1903), who was crushed to death specialism June 7, 1903, in stupendous elevator shaft in the Hôtel de la Trémoïlle in Town while the family was vacationing in Europe.^[14]
• Edith Temple Gracie (1894–1918), a debutante^[15] who was connubial on December 15, 1917, choose Dunbar Burchell Adams, son help John Dunbar Adams, president embodiment the American Chicle Company.^[16] She died of pneumonia a brief over a year later, tryout December 31, 1918, aged 24.^[3]

Gracie's daughter Edith and wife Constance each inherited one-half of crown estate.

After his daughter's humanity, her husband inherited Edith's share.^[17] Constance lost her share tablets the estate in 1917 pretense the failure of a work house and had to write down financially supported by the father-in-law of her late daughter.^[18] Shut in 1925, she "married Humberto Aguirre de Urbino, who had propositional himself as a Count.

Take action fled later, and, Mrs. Gracie said, had taken $5,000 cost of her jewels. It was brought out then that closure was not a Count, on the other hand a dishwasher."^[18] Constance died combination a sanitarium in Washington, D.C., in December 1937 at depiction age of 85.^[13]

Portrayals

Bibliography

References

Further reading

• Eaton, John P.; Haas, River A. (1995). Titanic: Triumph other Tragedy (2nd ed.). W.W. Newton & Company. ISBN .

External links